A two-layer model for studying 2D dissolved pollutant runoff over impermeable surfaces

Dissolved pollutants in stormwater are a main contributor to water pollution in urban environments. However, many existing transport models are semi-empirical and only consider one-dimensional flows, which limit their predictive capacity. Combining the shallow water and the advection–diffusion equations, a two-dimensional physically based model is developed for dissolved pollutant transport by adopting the concept of a ‘control layer’. A series of laboratory experiments has been conducted to validate the proposed model, taking into account the effects of buildings and intermittent rainfalls. The predictions are found to be in good agreement with experimental observations, which supports the assumption that the depth of the control layer is constant. Based on the validated model, a parametric study is conducted, focusing on the characteristics of the pollutant distribution and transport rate over the depth. The hyetograph, including the intensity, duration and intermittency, of rainfall event has a significant influence on the pollutant transport rates. The depth of the control layer, rainfall intensity, surface roughness and area length are dominant factors that affect the dissolved pollutant transport. Finally, several perspectives of the new pollutant transport model are discussed. This study contributes to an in-depth understanding of the dissolved pollutant transport processes on impermeable surfaces and urban stormwater management.     

基于主成分分析法和监测数据的阿尔泰山采金废弃矿区人工恢复措施效益分析

本文以阿尔泰山两河源保护区采金废弃矿区为研究区，从地形、土壤、水分和地表植被4个方面出发，结合矿区现有条件，设置11种恢复措施，选取丰富度指数、优势度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数、生物量、植被盖度、物种数及土石比等7个评价指标，采用主成分分析法，得出不同恢复措施的主成分得分及生态效益排名。结果表明，单一恢复措施，如推平、羊群驻扎、泥浆等基本上是从某一个方面来考虑生态恢复的，存在一定的缺陷，恢复效益排名比较靠后；多种措施相结合，不仅能改善土壤环境，也会引起植物群落多样性格局的变化，生态恢复效益很好；同一种恢复措施，施行年限越长恢复效果越好。     

深度学习在水声目标识别中的应用研究

水声目标识别技术是水声信号处理的重要组成部分，是水声信息获取与水声信息对抗的重要技术支撑。针对水声目标识别时探测数据量大、自动化程度不高、识别效率低下等问题，研究了深度学习在水声目标识别中的应用。首先，介绍了水声目标识别技术的研究现状及当前形势下面临的挑战。然后，对深度学习的网络结构原理及改进型进行了分析，并分别对深度学习在水声声信号识别领域和水声图像信号识别领域的应用现状做了阐述。最后，指出了由于受当前技术条件和水下复杂环境的制约，此方法尚且存在着不足之处。该方法为进一步优化深度学习算法、拓展深度学习技术应用范畴、提升水声目标识别效率提供了参考。     

基于水资源约束的中国城镇化SD模型与模拟

中国城镇化正处于快速发展阶段,尽管经济和社会发展主控要素还在发挥重要作用,但水资源在生产、生活和生态方面发挥主控作用的局面愈益明显。在中国城镇化系统动力学（system dynamics,SD）模型基础上,从水资源供给、需求和水环境等层面将水资源作为主控要素嵌入原有模型中,拓展出基于水资源约束的中国城镇化SD模型,并对水资源利用进行了多情景模拟。结果表明：① 系统存流量和灵敏度检验证明模型模拟效果良好,具有可操作性。② 部门用水效率一定时,产业发展对水资源供需平衡的影响比人口增长更为明显。③ 在实行节水农业、节水工业、高生活需水、高生态环境需水和高再生水利用的综合协调方案中,2050年中国城镇化的发展约共需6789.70亿 m³水资源,基本实现水资源供需平衡。     

Base cation concentrations in forest litter and topsoil have different responses to climate and tree species along elevational gradients

The forest litter is an essential reservoir of nutrients in forests, supplying a large part of absorbable base cations(BC) to topsoil, and facilitating plant growth within litter-soil system. To characterize elevational patterns of base cation concentrations in the forest litter and topsoil, and explore the effects of climate and tree species, we measured microclimate and collected the forest litter and topsoil(0-10 cm) samples across an elevational range of more than 2000 m(1243 ～ 3316 m a.s.l.),and analyzed the concentrations of BC in laboratory. Results showed that: 1) litter Ca concentration displayed a hump-shaped pattern along the elevational gradients, but litter K and Mg showed saddle-shaped patterns. Soil Ca concentration increased with elevation, while soil K and Mg had no significant changes. 2) Ca concentration in the forest litter under aspen(Populus davidiana) was significantly higher than that in all other species, but in topsoil, Ca concentration was higher under coniferous larch and fir(Larix chinensis and Abies fargesii). Litter K and Mg concentrations was higher under coniferous larch and fir, whereas there were nosignificant differences among tree species in the concentrations of K and Mg in topsoil. 3) Climatic factors including mean annual temperature(MAT), growing season precipitation(GSP) and non-growing season precipitation(NGSP) determined BC concentrations in the forest litter and topsoil. Soil C/N and C/P also influenced BC cycling between litter and soil. Observation along elevations within different tree species implies that above-ground tree species can redistribute below-ground cations, and this process is profoundly impacted by climate. Litter and soil Ca, K and Mg with different responses to environmental variables depend on their soluble capacity and mobile ability.     

青海德令哈蓄集银铅矿床地质与S-Pb同位素组成及其成矿学意义

蓄集矿床是宗务隆构造带内发现的重要银铅矿床。蓄集银铅矿床赋存于石炭-二叠系宗务隆群果可山组灰岩夹千枚岩地层中,矿体呈脉状、透镜状、似层状,明显受近东西走向的断裂构造控制,矿体围岩蚀变主要为硅化和绢云母化,矿石矿物主要为方铅矿和银黝铜矿,脉石矿物主要为石英,矿石具有斑杂状和网脉状构造。对该矿床开展了S-Pb同位素组成分析。硫同位素分析结果表明矿石中硫化物矿物δ~(34)S值变化于5.0‰～8.4‰之间,显示硫主要为岩浆来源,有少量地层的贡献;铅同位素分析结果表明,矿石~(206)Pb/~(204) Pb=17.896～17.922,~(207)Pb/~(204) Pb=15.589～15.617,~(208) Pb/~(204) Pb=38.072～38.166,与围岩铅同位素组成(~(206) Pb/~(204) Pb=17.94～18.976,~(207)Pb/~(204) Pb=15.600～15.696,~(208) Pb/~(204) Pb=38.106～40.943)较为相似,而与蓄集峡口闪长岩铅同位素组成(~(206) Pb/~(204) Pb=18.144～18.589,~(207)Pb/~(204) Pb=15.623～15.636,~(208)Pb/~(204) Pb=38.790～39.033)相差较大,反映成矿物质主要来自围岩地层宗务隆群果可山组。综合分析认为,蓄集银铅矿床与宗务隆构造带晚二叠世岩浆活动关系密切,应属岩浆热液为主的热液充填-交代成因类型。     

煤层陷落柱多波地震数值模拟与成像研究

陷落柱是煤田勘探开发中常见的地质灾害体,陷落柱的精确探测一直是煤田安全生产研究的重点,单纯依靠常规纵波地震勘探技术难以满足现阶段煤田精细勘探的需求。多波地震勘探技术能够获得纵波和转换波地震资料,提供更丰富的波场信息,且转换波对于埋深较浅的小幅度构造有更高的分辨率,充分利用多分量地震资料可以有效的提高地震勘探的精度。本文将多波地震技术应用到煤层陷落柱研究中,利用数值方法对煤层陷落柱进行多波地震勘探模拟研究,采用弹性波有限差分方法对构建的陷落柱模型进行多分量正演模拟,然后分别对波场分离后的PP波和PS波地震数据进行叠前深度偏移成像测试。通过对两个小尺寸陷落柱模型进行多波地震数值试算表明,多波地震勘探技术是一种有效的煤层陷落柱探测方法,充分利用多波地震资料有利于查明煤层陷落柱构造,对陷落柱取得更好的勘探效果。     

大深度潜航器水下空间运动建模与仿真

分析大深度潜航器水下空间运动特点，建立描述其空间运动的数学模型，并以数学模型为基础利用 MATLAB\Simulink 软件完成潜航器空间运动仿真模型的开发。在搭建的仿真模型基础上，通过数学仿真手段分析了潜航器在螺旋下潜、抛载过渡、定角爬升、稳定至水面航行状态下的水下运动全过程，给出了具有弧形翼板的潜航器外形设计方案的运动能力仿真评估，为后续潜航器运动能力优化设计提供仿真依据。     

北京十三陵地区青白口系长龙山组含铁建造的发育特征及成因*

含铁建造在整个前寒武纪的地质记录中分布广泛,但针对华北地区青白口系长龙山组出露的含铁建造目前还没有报道。文中通过野外观察及室内XRD、SEM、ICP-MS等手段,对北京十三陵地区出露的长龙山组含铁建造的分布规律、矿物组成、成矿物质来源等开展研究,并探讨含铁建造的成因机制。结果表明,含铁建造的铁质主要为赤铁矿,与石英、海绿石等矿物伴生。含铁建造存在2种分布模式: Ⅰ型含铁建造,与海绿石伴生,产出厚度变化大(1~50 cm),偏光显微镜下海绿石砂岩和铁质条带呈互层状产出,赤铁矿具近球形结构;Ⅱ型含铁建造,无海绿石伴生,产出厚度相对较大(一般大于10 cm),镜下见黑色的富铁层夹碎屑石英透镜体,赤铁矿常发育针状或雪花状结构。依据构造演化和微量元素分析,认为含铁建造的铁质来源主要为下马岭组顶部的铁质风化壳。Ⅰ型含铁建造为化学胶体沉淀与海绿石风化的混合成因;Ⅱ型含铁建造主要属于胶体化学沉积成因,后期可能经受了糜棱化改造作用。这一结论为华北地区前寒武纪含铁建造的找矿提供了沉积地质依据,对于完善含铁建造成矿机理及华北地区元古代构造演化具有重要的意义。